Life-Cycle Assessment 生命周期评估
To understand a product’s full impact, its complete life cycle must be considered. A product starts out as raw or reclaimed materials, which are then processed, manufactured, and assembled. It is then installed and used, before ultimately being removed. At every step along the life cycle, resources like energy and raw materials are consumed, and pollutants and waste are generated.
要全面理解产品的环境影响，必须考量其完整生命周期。产品始于原生或回收材料，经过加工、制造、组装，再被安装使用，最终被拆除处置。在生命周期的每个阶段，均会消耗能源、原材料等资源，并产生污染物与废弃物。
The same concept can be applied to the entire building. Its life cycle includes the environmental impacts of the products and materials that go into the building, the construction process, use and maintenance of the materials (including renovations), and removing and processing all of the products at the end of their useful lives.
这一概念同样适用于整栋建筑。建筑的生命周期环境影响包括：所用产品与材料的影响、施工过程、材料使用与维护（含翻新），以及产品寿命结束后的拆除与处置环节。
Green Building Strategies 绿色建筑策略
Green building strategies enable project teams to make informed decisions based on a holistic understanding of a product’s or material’s impact. This is done through a life-cycle assessment (LCA), which evaluates the environmental impact of a building product or a whole building project over its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to construction and disposal. An LCA provides valuable information for decision-making related to design, construction, operation, maintenance, and eventual reuse, recycling, or disposal. An LCA can help project teams understand how a product impacts nature throughout its life cycle by examining multiple types of impacts, including embodied carbon and water and air pollution.
绿色建筑策略使项目团队能够基于对产品或材料影响的全面理解，做出科学决策。这通过 ** 生命周期评估（LCA）** 实现 ——LCA 从原材料开采、施工到处置，对建筑产品或整栋建筑项目的全生命周期环境影响进行评估，可为设计、施工、运营、维护及最终再利用、回收或处置的决策提供依据。通过分析隐含碳、水污染、空气污染等多类影响，LCA 能帮助项目团队了解产品在全生命周期中对自然环境的影响。
Life cycle stages 生命周期阶段
Strategies for leveraging LCAs to make informed decisions include:
- Conducting a whole-building LCA iteratively throughout the design process in order to evaluate and select strategies to reduce the overall environmental impacts of the project’s materials. Whole-building LCA can help teams estimate and compare the reduced impacts associated with sufficiency, material circularity, and material-use optimization. These choices and others can lower the impacts reported in a whole-building LCA.
- Selecting products that have LCA information available from the manufacturer that shows a reduced environmental impact compared to alternatives.
利用 LCA 辅助决策的策略包括：
- 在设计过程中迭代开展整栋建筑 LCA 评估，以评估并选择降低项目材料整体环境影响的策略。整栋建筑 LCA 可帮助团队预估并对比 “充足性”“材料循环性”“材料利用优化” 等措施带来的影响降低效果，这些选择及其他策略均可降低整栋建筑 LCA 报告中的环境影响。
- 选用制造商提供了 LCA 数据、且环境影响低于同类替代产品的材料。
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